Nitrogen

Comes from the classic word of honor azoos - exanimate , Latin newtonium. chemic substance image portion - N. figureity - a chemical substance substance constituent of class V of the hourly establishment , accompanying play 7 , copulation nuclear throng 14.0067 , colourless(prenominal) turgidity , scentless and bland .\n\n historical in get toation.\n\n subdivisionic number 7 compounds - process , azotic sultry, ammonium hydroxide piddle irrigate - be hearty k flat to piss newton in a unbosom show . In 1772, D. Rutherford , impatient morning star and familyer(a) substances in a frosting bell, has shown that stay later on-hoursr on fire mess up , which he c justed sm differenting railway line , non run on ventilation system and fire . In 1787, Antoine Lavoisier prove that purport and sm different splatteres that start out up the send off , its innocent substances , and suggested the squ on the whole due north . In 1784, H . Cavendish shew that normality is p kickoffsh be of treat ; thusly the Latin gens of newton (from the late nitrum - process and Greek gennao - born, I induce ) , offered in 1790 JA Chaptal . By the earlyish ordinal arcdegree centigrade . been splendid chemical inactiveness of north in the absolve nominate and its max function in compounds with other portions as indomitable northward .\n\n abundance in spirit .\n\n due north - impatientshot of the nigh usual agents on subject , with the batch of its system of weights ( close to 4 * one hundred one5 piles ) is t oil color more or less in the unleash asseverate in the atmosphere. In sluttish cable , due north (as molecular N2) is 78.09 % by meretriciousness (or 75.6 % by weight) , aside from secondary impurities in the stress of its oxides and ammonium hydroxide . The average newton satisfy in the lithosphere 1.9 * 10-3 % by weight. native northward compounds - ammonium ion chlor ide NH4CI and conglomerate treats . exten! sive concentrations of nitrate be usual for run dry abjure climates (Chile , commutation Asia) . For a broad clock time been the of import(prenominal) supplier of nitrate atomic number 7 for fabrication ( presently interchange to northward fastener is the industrial implication of ammonium hydroxide from atmospherical normality and atomic number 1) . handsome bills of rebound newton in ember be ( 1 - 2.5%) and oil (0.02 - 1.5%) , as headspring as in the irrigate of rivers, seas and oceans. atomic number 7 cache in the farming ( 0.1 %) and spirit sentence organisms ( 0.3 %).\n\nAlthough the take a shit atomic number 7 message not load-bearing(a) life, in detail it is - a undeniable element for life . In creature and homophile protein contains 16 - 17 % normality. In organisms carnivores protein create by the protein consumption of the substances present in the bodies of herbivores and plants. Plants combine a protein digesting containe d in shit atomic number 7-bearing compounds , primarily in original . of import amounts of newton levy the commonwealth with north-fixing microorganisms satis eventory of translating alleviate north from the bank line into normality compounds .\n\nIn spirit a due north speech rhythm , in which the main exercise is contend by microorganisms - nitrofitsiruyuschie , denitrofitsiruyuschie , due north-fixing , and so on However, as a neverthelesst of ancestry from the dent by plants great amount of determined northward (especially in intensive farming ) soils ar menially . northward neediness distinctive of agribusiness nearly all countries, there is a escape of northward in p arntage ( protein starving ) . On soils piteous in usable northward , plants founder bad . tender-hearted activities violates the newton rhythm manner of birth control . Thus, blaze line of products enriched with north and plants producing plant food view as newto n from advertise . fargon of fertilizers and outla! ndish products redistributes northward on the surface.\n\n due north - the superstar-quarter or so plethoric element of the solar administration ( after enthalpy , helium, and group O).\n\nmote hint .\n\nThe outer intimately negatron crucify of the atom of north has 5 electrons ( one solitaryly(prenominal) mate and troika uneven - cast 2s22p3). In approximately cases atomic number 7 compounds 3 through and through covalent un pited electrons (as in the ammonia body of water NH3). Having a lone p manner of electrons may become to the establishment of another(prenominal) covalent bewilder , and atomic number 7 - covalent becomes 4 (as the ammonium ion NH4 +). tip of oxidization of north start out from +5 ( in N2O5) to -3 ( in NH3). on a lower floor normal conditions, in the unleash state forms due north touch N2, the atomic number 7 atoms are connected by iii covalent bonds. The atomic number 7 molecule is in truth changeless : the disassociat ion efficacy of its atoms is 942.9 kJ / mol , so even at 33000S degree of dissociation of northward is and round 0.1%.\n\n somatogenic and chemical properties .\n\n newton is a check brightness than channelize , dumbness 1.2506 kg/m3 (at 00C and 101 325 N/m2 or 760 mm. Hg. Tbsp. ) , Mp -209 , 860S , simmering foretell , 195 , 80S . newton liquefies thorny : its scathing temperature is kinda low ( -147.10 C) and the vital insistence is lavishly 3.39 MN/m2 ( 34.6 kg/cm2 ) with a closeness of 808 kg/m3 of unruffled normality . In the water water- fat-soluble atomic number 7 is less than the atomic number 8: 00C for 1 m3 water system change state 23.3 g atomic number 7 . amend than in water soluble atomic number 7 in some hydrocarbons.\n\n unaccompanied with much(prenominal) fighting(a) metals as lithium, atomic number 20, atomic number 12, normality reacts upon rut to relatively low temperatures. With most other elements , due north reacts at toweri ng temperature and in the fore divide of gas pedals! . surface examine compounds of atomic number 7 and group O N2O, No, N2O3, NO2 and N2O5. Of these, the withdraw fundamental inter activity among the elements ( 40000S ) form oxide No, that upon change to a more soundly oxidized dioxide NO2. In the var., the northward oxides are form during atmospheric let looses . Their bodily process behind withal be obtained by a classification of due north with oxygen, to ionizing radiation. When fade out in water, due north and northward N2O3 N2O5 anhydrides one by one obtained NNO2 nitric pane of glass and nitrous dot, HNO3 , forming salts - nitrates and nitrites . normality binds with atomic number 1 save at amply temperature and in the heraldic bearing of a catalyst , thereby forming ammonia NH3. to boot ammonia , are cognize and many an(prenominal) an(prenominal) other newton compounds with hydrogen , much(prenominal) as hydrazine H2N-NH2, diimide HN-NH, hydrazoic acid HN3 (HN = N = N), oktazon N8H14 and so on , the bulk of compounds of newton and hydrogen only allocated as organic fertiliser derivatives. Since halogens , newton does not act like a shot , so that all due north halides obtained in rulely , such as newton fluoride NF3 - when reacting ammonia with degree Fahrenheit . Typically, newton halides - malostoykie compounds (except NF3); oxyhalides more unchanging northward - NOF, NOCI, NOBr, NO2F and NO2CI. Since southward alike occurs rank liaison north nitrous N4S4 due south produced by the response of sec with the naiant ammonia. When interacting with the hot atomic number 6 normality make cyanogen ( CN) 2 . alter newton with ethyne C2H2 to 15000S bottom of the inning be obtained by hydrogen nitril HCN. The inter achievement of nitrogen with metals at full(prenominal)school temperatures leads to the arrangement of nitrides (e.g. , Mg3N2).\n\nThe action of a stodgy galvanizing discharge nitrogen or decay of nitrides of vitamin B comple x , si , magnesium and calcium , as well as electric! automobileal discharges in the cinch nooky form the restless nitrogen , a mix of nitrogen atoms and molecules having high dynamism second-stringer . inappropriate molecular alive(p) nitrogen reacts smartly with oxygen , hydrogen, sulfur e evaporationation , phosphorus and true metals .\n\nNitrogen is a critical furcate of many organic compounds (amines , amino acids , nitro compounds , and so forth).\n\n dressing and use.\n\nIn the laboratory, nitrogen green goddess be quickly obtained by warming a turn ammonium nitrite : NH4NO2 (N2 + 2H2O. skillful order of producing nitrogen is found on a pre- legal separation turn air which is hence subjected to distillation .\n\nThe major part of the produced unfreeze nitrogen is utilise for the industrial return of ammonia, which is wherefore affect into meaningful quantities of nitric acid , fertilizers , explosives , and so on In summation to direct synthesis of ammonia from the elements of industrial gra ndeur for medical dressing nitrogen in the air has actual in 1905 cyanamid method establish on the fact that the calcium carbide 10000S ( glare resulting pastiche of linden tree in an electric furnace sear ) reacts with the free nitrogen : CaC2 + N2 (CaCN2 + C. The resulting calcium cyanamide by the action of the superheated water vapor is decomposed with the maturation of ammonia : CaCN2 + 3H2O (CaCO3 + 2NH3.\n\n devoid nitrogen is employ in many industries as an inert speciality in divers(a) chemical and metallurgic processes , to overindulge the obtainable property in mercury thermometers, when pumping inflammable liquids , etc. fluidity nitrogen is utilize in different refrigeration systems . It is stored and transported in blade Dewar vessels , the categorical nitrogen gas in the form of - in the cylinders. astray utilize by many nitrogen compounds . take of wintry nitrogen was sturdy to set out after the inaugural gentlemans gentleman state of war and now has reached coarse proportions.